WooCommerce Remove Duplicate Listing Prices

On my store at gifting.wildroots.in the product grid is displaying the price twice—once in the usual spot and then again directly beneath it. This only happens on the product listing (shop) page; individual product, cart, and checkout screens all look fine... (Budget: ₹600 - ₹1500 INR, Jobs: CSS, Debugging, HTML, PHP, Web Development, Website Optimization, WooCommerce, WordPress)